{"id":4349,"date":"2012-09-06T14:53:00","date_gmt":"2012-09-06T14:53:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/dev.yolandagranados.com\/crg\/guest-blog-mai-mai-lumumba-2\/"},"modified":"2020-07-08T21:49:42","modified_gmt":"2020-07-08T21:49:42","slug":"guest-blog-mai-mai-lumumba","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.congoresearchgroup.org\/fr\/2012\/09\/06\/guest-blog-mai-mai-lumumba\/","title":{"rendered":"Guest blog: The Mai-Mai Lumumba: Okapi killers or self-defense forces?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator is-style-wide is-core-separator-block\" style=\"margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-bottom:0px\">\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:47px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n  <div id=\"anchor-nav-position-block_5f063f6cdd3c0\" class=\"c-block-anchor-nav-position o-wrapper__inner\" style=\"margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-bottom:0px;\">\n    <div class=\"js-anchor-nav-position\"><\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"c-anchor-nav__mobile\">\n      <nav class=\"c-anchor-nav \"><span class=\"c-anchor-nav__heading\"> <\/span><ul class=\"c-anchor-nav__links o-list-bare\"><li class=\"c-anchor-nav__item\"><a href=\"#%20\" class=\"c-anchor-nav__link \"> <\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav>    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:30px;padding-top:0px;padding-bottom:0px\" class=\"is-core-paragraph-block has-space-small-mb\"><em>This is a guest blog by <\/em><a href=\"http:\/\/www.danfahey.com\/\"><em>Dan Fahey<\/em><\/a><em>, an ACM Mellon Post-Doctoral Fellow in the Political Science department at Colorado College.&nbsp; This blog is based on interviews he conducted during August 2012 in Bunia and Kinshasa, reviews of documents and photographs, web-based sources (as noted), and emails with key informants.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:30px;padding-top:0px;padding-bottom:0px\" class=\"is-core-paragraph-block has-space-small-mb\">Among the plethora of armed groups currently operating in eastern DRC, a small group known as Mai-Mai Lumumba has distinguished itself through brutal attacks against both civilians and endangered wildlife.&nbsp; Mai-Mai Lumumba is active in and around the Okapi Fauna Reserve (known by the French acronym, RFO) in Mambasa Territory (Ituri District).&nbsp; Although it has no known connections with rebel movements such as M23 or COGAI, this group under the command of a man called Morgan has strong ties with FARDC officers, as well as gold and ivory traders, and has emerged as a local threat in western Ituri.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:30px;padding-top:0px;padding-bottom:0px\" class=\"is-core-paragraph-block has-space-small-mb\">Mai-Mai Lumumba&rsquo;s most vicious attack to date came on 24-25 June 2012 at the Epulu headquarters of the RFO.&nbsp; At 5am on the 24<sup>th<\/sup>, a group of approximately 35 heavily armed and naked Mai-Mai &ndash; &ldquo;protected&rdquo; by the <em>dawa<\/em> of a witch doctor called JP and led by Morgan &ndash; attacked and overpowered a small group of park rangers. Joined later by a second group of Mai-Mai, they reportedly looted and burned RFO facilities, raped dozens of women, and abducted scores of people.&nbsp; They murdered six people &ndash; two of whom were burned to death &ndash; and killed fourteen out of the fifteen okapi that were captive at the RFO center (the fifteenth has subsequently died).&nbsp; In addition, Morgan&rsquo;s men reportedly ate part of the left leg of one of their charred victims.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:30px;padding-top:0px;padding-bottom:0px\" class=\"is-core-paragraph-block has-space-small-mb\">The viciousness of the attack at Epulu received <a href=\"http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/world-18679625\">international attention<\/a>, probably because endangered okapi were killed &ndash; but there has been no media coverage of numerous other attacks by Mai-Mai Lumumba in western Ituri, which have destabilized the region and displaced more than 10,000 people.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:30px;padding-top:0px;padding-bottom:0px\" class=\"is-core-paragraph-block has-space-small-mb\">Morgan, whose real name is Paul Sadala, is a native of the <a href=\"http:\/\/civilisations.revues.org\/index1608.html\">Bombo community<\/a> of forest cultivators in Ituri.&nbsp; Since at least 2005, he has been poaching elephants and engaging in gold mining within the RFO, which was <a href=\"http:\/\/www.okapiconservation.org\/wildlife-reserve\/\">created in 1992<\/a> by the Congolese Institute for the Conservation of Nature (<a href=\"http:\/\/www.visitvirunga.org\/about-virunga\/#ICCN\">ICCN<\/a>) primarily to protect the okapi and other endangered species.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:30px;padding-top:0px;padding-bottom:0px\" class=\"is-core-paragraph-block has-space-small-mb\">According to various sources, local communities in and around the RFO have expressed grievances about <a href=\"http:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/201208210979.html\">entrenched poverty<\/a> in the area and prohibitions imposed by the Reserve, such as bans on hunting with firearms, commercial exploitation of wood, artisanal mining, and other similar activities.&nbsp; The <a href=\"http:\/\/www.okapiconservation.org\/\">Okapi Conservation Project<\/a> (OCP) has been undertaking a <a href=\"http:\/\/www.okapiconservation.org\/conservation-program\/\">variety of programs<\/a> to ensure protection of this World Heritage Site, to assist local communities, and to promote alternative agricultural practices to exploitation of the Reserve&rsquo;s resources.&nbsp; Nonetheless, some people believe RFO is generating large amounts of revenue that fail to reach local communities, while simultaneously preventing local populations (especially chiefs) from pursuing economic opportunities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:30px;padding-top:0px;padding-bottom:0px\" class=\"is-core-paragraph-block has-space-small-mb\">Local communities may indeed have legitimate criticisms of the RFO, but Morgan&rsquo;s activities have been so violent and on such a large scale that they appear to be simply criminal, sadistic, and driven by self-interest.&nbsp; &nbsp;Prior to becoming the leader of Mai-Mai Lumumba, Morgan was accused of slaughtering at least two thousand elephants in the RFO to sell their ivory.&nbsp; Morgan profited from the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2012\/09\/04\/world\/africa\/africas-elephants-are-being-slaughtered-in-poaching-frenzy.html?pagewanted=all\">growing Asian demand for ivory<\/a>, which has pushed prices higher in recent years (ivory currently trades for $200\/kg in Mambasa center; tusk weight varies by age but can average <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ifaw.org\/africa\/node\/17476\">10kg<\/a>).&nbsp; ICCN rangers arrested Morgan in 2005 and 2010 for poaching, but in the latter case, FARDC soldiers collaborating with him reportedly secured his release.&nbsp; In addition, Morgan&rsquo;s group has controlled several gold mining sites in and around RFO, including one at Pangoy (outside the RPF, near the Orientale-North Kivu border) where at least <a href=\"http:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/2012\/08\/16\/congo-democratic-mine-deaths-idUSL6E8JG68720120816\">60 miners died<\/a> in an August 2012 collapse.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:30px;padding-top:0px;padding-bottom:0px\" class=\"is-core-paragraph-block has-space-small-mb\">Morgan increased his stature this year when he merged his gang with <a href=\"http:\/\/www.berggorilla.de\/index.php?id=873&amp;L=1&amp;tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=893&amp;cHash=76ee096e2b1f613f18ddbf964ef8b343&amp;PHPSESSID=32fcd8b0346c544129f1c7d4a021455e\">Mai-Mai Simba<\/a> (from Maiko National Park) and some FARDC deserters.&nbsp; Representatives of Mai-Mai Simba&rsquo;s leader &ndash; a man called Kasambaza &ndash; reportedly approached Morgan sometime in late February or early March 2012, after all FARDC units in Ituri were pulled from the field following the <a href=\"http:\/\/radiookapi.net\/actualite\/2012\/02\/17\/ituri-les-officiers-mutins-de-marabo-sont-rentres-dans-les-rangs-selon-letat-major-general-des-fardc\/\">12 February mutiny at Marabo<\/a>.&nbsp; FARDC Chief of Staff Gen. Amisi sent the troops to four camps in Ituri to prevent a spread of the mutiny, but this (predictably) left a power vacuum that allowed armed groups to seize control of territory (e.g., see <a href=\"http:\/\/congosiasa.blogspot.com\/2012\/08\/coalitions-and-defections-in-context-of.html\">Henning Tamm&rsquo;s description<\/a> of FRPI&rsquo;s expansion in Irumu Territory).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:30px;padding-top:0px;padding-bottom:0px\" class=\"is-core-paragraph-block has-space-small-mb\">By early March, the new m&eacute;lange of Mai-Mai Simba, Morgan&rsquo;s poachers, and army deserters under the command of Colonel Kahasha (a former Mai-Mai) had christened itself Mai-Mai Lumumba, in a nod to Simba&rsquo;s Lumumbist roots.&nbsp; Around the time of the merger, the non-Mai-Mai (including Morgan) underwent ceremonial rites of passage to become Mai-Mai.&nbsp;&nbsp; The group includes men from the Ndaka, Bakumu, Nande, and Bapiri communities (together comprising 80% of the members, with Nande the largest group), and Pygmies (20%).&nbsp; The new group&rsquo;s first attack was on 12 March at the village of Pangoy, where Mai-Mai elements raped more than 25 women and girls, and looted goods.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:30px;padding-top:0px;padding-bottom:0px\" class=\"is-core-paragraph-block has-space-small-mb\">Elements within Mai-Mai Lumumba &ndash; specifically Morgan and the FARDC deserters &ndash; reportedly have strong ties to senior FARDC officers in Beni, Bafwasende and Kisangani, which may help explain how the group acquired its arsenal of heavy machine guns, RPGs, mortars, AK-47s, and ammunition.&nbsp; In addition, senior Mai-Mai commanders are known to wear FARDC uniforms before or after attacks, which they carry out naked.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:30px;padding-top:0px;padding-bottom:0px\" class=\"is-core-paragraph-block has-space-small-mb\">There may have even indeed been <a href=\"http:\/\/www.okapiconservation.org\/news\/okapi-conservation-project-update-july-22-2012-2\/\">complicity in the Epulu attack<\/a> with the FARDC unit at Bafwasende (908<sup>th<\/sup> Battalion), which inexplicably arrived at Epulu just 30 minutes after the last Mai-Mai elements withdrew with their abductees and loot.&nbsp;&nbsp; The 908<sup>th<\/sup> and its successor, the 903<sup>rd<\/sup>, both extensively pillaged businesses and dwellings in Epulu town, but did not engage the Mai-Mai.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:30px;padding-top:0px;padding-bottom:0px\" class=\"is-core-paragraph-block has-space-small-mb\">During July, Morgan&rsquo;s relationship with the Simba elements in Mai-Mai Lumumba soured.&nbsp; According to an ICCN source, some members of the Simba group disliked Morgan&rsquo;s tactics, which include stripping people naked, dousing them in gasoline, setting them on fire, and watching them burn to death in the company of people from the victim&rsquo;s community, who are forced to witness the horror.&nbsp; Around 31 July, members of the Simba group arrested Morgan at Mabuo, in the Lubero Territory of North Kivu.&nbsp; Simba &ldquo;Colonel&rdquo; Jean-Luc demanded <a href=\"http:\/\/radiookapi.net\/actualite\/2012\/08\/06\/nord-kivu-les-mai-mai-simba-prets-livrer-le-milicien-morgan-contre-10-000-usd\/\">$10,000<\/a> from FARDC and ICCN to transfer Morgan to their custody, which suggests a financial motivation apart from any more high-minded reasons, but Morgan either <a href=\"http:\/\/radiookapi.net\/actualite\/2012\/08\/06\/nord-kivu-detenu-par-groupe-mai-mai-depuis-six-jours-le-chef-milicien-morgan-sest-echappe\/\">escaped<\/a> or <a href=\"http:\/\/www.okapiconservation.org\/news\/okapi-conservation-project-update-august-20-2012\/\">paid off his captors<\/a> on 6 August., and returned to the bush.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:30px;padding-top:0px;padding-bottom:0px\" class=\"is-core-paragraph-block has-space-small-mb\">In late July, FARDC deployed the 905<sup>th<\/sup> Regiment to Epulu to replace the abusive 903<sup>rd<\/sup>.&nbsp; Since 12 August, the 905<sup>th<\/sup> has been working with ICCN park rangers in a joint operation to secure RFO and attack Mai-Mai Lumumba.&nbsp; On 23 August, the ICCN\/FARDC force reportedly <a href=\"http:\/\/radiookapi.net\/actualite\/2012\/08\/29\/province-orientale-morgan-le-tueur-des-okapis-blesse-aux-combats-contre-les-fardc\/\">wounded<\/a> Morgan in combat, and on 28 August the force <a href=\"http:\/\/radiookapi.net\/actualite\/2012\/08\/31\/province-orientale-les-fardc-tuent-18-miliciens-proches-de-morgan-lulumo\/\">killed 18 Mai-Mai<\/a> in a battle at Lulumo (Mambasa Territory) and recovered numerous weapons.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:30px;padding-top:0px;padding-bottom:0px\" class=\"is-core-paragraph-block has-space-small-mb\">The increased pressure has scattered and further divided Mai-Mai Lumumba.&nbsp; There are now several splinter groups in the bush, and it is not clear to what extent Morgan controls their actions.&nbsp; One group composed entirely of Pygmies and under the command of &ldquo;<a href=\"http:\/\/radiookapi.net\/actualite\/2012\/08\/23\/ituri-des-miliciens-mai-mai-relachent-8-otages-retenus-depuis-8-jours\/\">Manu<\/a>&rdquo; (reportedly Morgan&rsquo;s second in command) is still wreaking havoc.&nbsp; During the week of 27-31 August, there were at least two more attacks attributed to Mai-Mai Lumumba elements.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:30px;padding-top:0px;padding-bottom:0px\" class=\"is-core-paragraph-block has-space-small-mb\">The birth and growth of Mai-Mai Lumumba highlights a fundamental and recurrent problem in eastern Congo: the failure of the Congolese state to provide security and to prevent the illegal exploitation of natural resources.&nbsp; Indeed, FARDC officers appear to be complicit in arming Morgan, enabling his activities, and benefiting from his exploitation of ivory and gold from the RFO.&nbsp; Mai-Mai Lumumba&rsquo;s deliberate and exceptional cruelty against people and okapi are shocking, but so too is the Congolese government&rsquo;s dereliction of its most basic responsibilities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:30px;padding-top:0px;padding-bottom:0px\" class=\"is-core-paragraph-block has-space-small-mb\">Posted by Jason Stearns<\/p>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>This is a guest blog by Dan Fahey, an ACM Mellon Post-Doctoral Fellow in the Political Science department at Colorado College.&nbsp; This blog is based on interviews he conducted during&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[39],"tags":[],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.congoresearchgroup.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4349"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.congoresearchgroup.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.congoresearchgroup.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.congoresearchgroup.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.congoresearchgroup.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4349"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.congoresearchgroup.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4349\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.congoresearchgroup.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4349"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.congoresearchgroup.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4349"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.congoresearchgroup.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4349"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}